Society for Pediatric Anesthesia and the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Anesthesiology 2022

April 1.mp4
April 2 Part 1.mp4
April 2 Part 2.mp4
April 3 Advanced Practice Provider Symposium.mp4
April 3 General Session.mp4
Program.pdf

* Detail:

• FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022
  6:00 AM – 5:00 PM Registration
• Location: JW Marriott – Tampa Bay Ballroom South – PreFunction – Level 4
• PBLD SESSION – All PBLDs Will Be Offered VIRTUALLY
  6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 1: A Case of Delayed Emergence: Serotonin Syndrome, Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizure, or Normal
• Teenage Behavior?
  Carolyn Foley, MD; Amy Lee, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the differential diagnosis of delayed emergence in the PACU.
  * Describe the clinical presentation, common triggering medications, and treatment of serotonin syndrome.
  * Explain the role of pharmacogenomic testing and its influence on anesthetic management.
• 6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 2: Know Pain, Know Gain! Multidisciplinary Acute Pain Management for the Complex Pediatric Patient
• Niveditha Karuppiah, MD; Ushma J. Shah, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the benefits of pain education and expectation setting in the context of acute post-surgical pain.
  * Describe pharmacological and integrative non-pharmacological approaches in the management of post-surgical pain.
  * Identify the role of members of the multidisciplinary team.
  * Identify triggers for development of chronic pain.
  * Develop a pain pathway for post-surgical pain management to enable adapting ERAS protocols, prevention of chronic

post-surgical pain and early return to functional activity.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 3: OH STAT, I Just Made a BIG Mistake! What Now?

Andrew Gruel, MD; Joseph M. Sisk, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Identify biases that impact how we see error.
  * Discover how goal conflicts in the systems we work in can contribute to failure.
  * Recognize how organizational culture impacts the response to an event.
  * Discuss how we can learn from errors to improve safety.
  * Apply these principles to implement system changes.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 4: The New Normal: When a COVID T&A Turns Into Your Worst Nightmare

Megha Patel, MD; Daniel Ruiz, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the stratification of surgical urgency in management of patients with severe OSA.
  * Discuss the current recommendations on elective surgery for patients with an active or recent COVID-19 history,
  including the appropriate timeline to delay surgery when appropriate.
  * Debate the optimal perioperative management of a patient with multiple risk factors presenting for airway surgery.
  * Create an airway management plan for a known difficult airway while still minimizing aerosolization in COVID
  positive patients.
  * Explore different approaches to conflict resolution when surgical and anesthesia literature suggest opposing best
  practice guidelines.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 5: LVAD Management in Single Ventricle Patient Presenting for Dental Rehabilitation and Teeth

Extraction
Fernando Franco F. Cuadrado, MD; Jamie Sinton, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Label perioperative concerns of children with single ventricle physiology and ventricular assist devices (VAD)
  undergoing non cardiac surgery including coagulation, non-invasive monitoring, resuscitation and intracardiac device
  management.
  * Name three non-cardiac challenges faced by children with congenital heart disease including neurodevelopmental
  challenges, psychiatric comorbidities, social issues, and dental care in the context of endocarditis and thrombotic risk.
  * Interpret VAD parameters and console data including pulsatility index, flow rate, speed (RPM) and power.
  6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 6: “Can’t Touch This!”: Emergency Abdominal Surgery in a Neonate with Epidermolysis Bullosa

Catherine A. Dietrich, MD; Olga Wolke, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Review the pathology and phenotypes of epidermolysis bullosa. Discuss the anesthetic considerations involved in caring
  for a patient with epidermolysis bullosa.
  * Define differentials to loss of ventilation and approaches to diagnose and correct the problem.
  * Identify steps to advocate for patients when conflict arises between the surgery and anesthesia teams.
  * Consider approaches to ethical questions regarding refusal of care by a parent for their child.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 7: Ten-Month-Old with History Retinopathy of Prematurity Presents for Glaucoma Surgery at an ASC:

Can You Take the Pressure?
Wanda Chin, MD; Joanna Rothstein, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss pediatric selection criteria, specifically for neonates and infants, for ASC procedures. Consider recent guidelines
  and standards.
  * Review pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity.
  * Develop an approach to open dialogue re. neurotoxicity associated with anesthesia with parents of children requiring
  repetitive anesthetics.
  * Discuss the role of ocular blocks in pediatric patients and their associated complications.
  * Formulate a differential diagnosis and treatment plan for bradycardia and apnea in pediatric ocular procedures.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 8: My Patient’s Parents Want a Different Anesthesiologist. What Should I Do?

Scott D. Markowitz, MD, FAAP; Ashley Weinhold, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the broad range of biases which may be present in pediatric anesthesia care.
  * Recognize the factors which are associated with health outcome disparities.
  * Discuss approaches to complex challenges which may arise from increasing diversity in the healthcare workforce, or
  the patient population.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 9: Patient Blood Management for Liver Resection in a Child with Hepatoblastoma and a Rare Blood Type

Destiny F. Chau, MD; Norma J. Klein, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Explain preoperative approaches anemia management for optimization of hemoglobin levels prior to surgery.
  * Identify specific intraoperative and postoperative strategies which could be implemented to enhance blood
  conservation and patient blood management.
• * Discuss alternative plans in situations when rare type-specific blood products become unavailable for patients already

undergoing surgery.

* Describe the key perioperative components of a successful patient blood management program (PBM).
6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 10: Ready or Not! Self-inflicted Gunshot Wound to the Chest in a 17-year-old: Medical and Ethical

Challenges

• Meera Gangadharan, MBBS, FAAP; Arundathi M. Reddy, MBBS, MBA
  Objectives:
  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Summarize the goals of damage control resuscitation in pediatric trauma.
  * Formulate an approach to a pediatric patient with life-threatening trauma.
  * Construct an anesthetic plan for the application of an aortic cross clamp during pediatric trauma surgery.
  * Debate the ethical issues involved in the resuscitation of a minor who “clearly” states that he does not want to be
  resuscitated.
  * Distinguish the different fibrinolytic states in pediatric trauma.

6:20 AM – 7:30 AM PBLD 11: Do Zebras Travel in Herds? Pyloric Stenosis in an Infant with Unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Morgan L. Brown, MD, PhD; Sarah Palsen, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Review perioperative considerations in caring for patients with unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot.
  * Review perioperative goals, induction techniques, and management points for pyloromyotomies in infants.
  * Discuss implications and potential complications of laparoscopic surgery in patients with congenital heart disease.
  * Review intraoperative management of pediatric cardiac emergencies, including hypercyanotic spells.
  * Discuss long term complications and sequelae for patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

Expert Round Tables – All Round Tables Will Be Offered VIRTUALLY

Objectives:

• Upon completion of the Round Table Discussion, the participant will be able to:
  * Initiate scholarly endeavors and manage challenging clinical and professional scenarios.
  * Develop a personalized approach for initiating scholarly projects and explore various techniques for dealing with difficult or controversial clinical and

professional situations.

• 6:20 AM – 7:30 AM RT 1: Perioperative Care of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  Moderators: Vidya Yalamanchili, MD; Joanne E. Shay, MD; Shivani K. Patel, MD
  6:20 AM – 7:30 AM RT 2: How to Hire the Best Candidates – From Fellows to Partners
  Moderators: Randall P. Flick, MD, MPH, FAAP; Franklyn P. Cladis, MD
• 6:20 AM – 7:30 AM RT 3: Total Intravenous Anesthesia Techniques in Pediatrics – Concoctions, Recipes, Efficiency, and Tips
  Moderators: Joseph P. Cravero, MD, FAAP; Sheri J Jones Oguh, MD; Mohamed A. Mahmoud, MD
  6:20 AM – 7:30 AM RT 4: Maintaining Resilience in Difficult Circumstances – How to Avoid Becoming the Second Victim
  Moderators: Rebecca Margolis, DO; Angela D. McElrath, MD; Denise P. Chang, MD; Michael D. Nicolay, MD
  6:20 AM – 7:30 AM RT 5: Current Options for Perioperative Anxiolysis – Routes, Tips, Tricks, and Agents
  Moderators: Myron Yaster, MD; Joseph D. Tobias, MD, FAAP; Tricia M. Vecchione, MD
• 6:30 AM – 7:30 AM Breakfast with Exhibitors
• Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
  7:40 AM – 7:55 AM Welcome and Outline of Educational Program
• Nina Deutsch, MD; Katherine G. Keech, MD; Mary F. Landrigan-Ossar, MD, PhD
  Location: JW Marriott – Tampa Bay Ballroom – Level 4
• 7:55 AM – 8:05 AM Recognition of Past Presidents
• Location: JW Marriott – Tampa Bay Ballroom – Level 4
  Session I: The History and Future of Pediatric Anesthesiology
  Moderators: Titilopemi Aina, MD, MPH, FAAP, FASA; John Fiadjoe, MD
  8:05 AM – 8:20 AM Past: A Brief History of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia
• Myron Yaster, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand how and why the SPA formed.
  * Recognize the lessons of SPA’s formation that can change your work and home environments.
  * Visualize what the SPA look like 35 years from now
  8:20 AM – 8:35 AM Past: History of Pediatric Anesthetics
  Randall P. Flick, MD, MPH, FAAP

Objectives:

Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
* Describe the development of safety and quality in pediatric anesthesia.
* Identify the individuals who contributed significantly to the development of the specialty of pediatric anesthesia.
8:35 AM – 8:55 AM Present: Leveraging multicenter data to define and improve perioperative practices and outcomes

Paul A. Stricker, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the characteristics of populations in which observational registry datasets can be useful tools
  * Review some of the types of questions that can be answered using multicenter observational datasets
  * Discuss some of the limitations of multicenter observational datasets
• 8:55 AM – 9:15 AM Future: What is a Pediatric Anesthesiologist? A 21st Century Answer to a Recurring Question.
• Aditee Ambardekar, MD; Justin L. Lockman, MD, MSEd, FAAP
  Objectives:
  Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * State some of the problems identified with our current training model for pediatric anesthesiologists.
  * Describe the work of the SPA Task Force on Graduate Medical Education over the past 3 years.
  * Imagine a future where pediatric anesthesiologists are optimally trained for the careers they intend to pursue.
• 9:15 AM – 9:25 AM Q & A Discussion
  9:25 AM – 9:55 AM Coffee Break with Exhibitors
• Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
  Session II: Intraoperative Monitoring: Glimpses at the Past, Present and Future
  Moderators: Bishr Haydar, MD; Mohamed A. Rehman, MD
  9:55 AM – 10:15 AM Past: Do Pulse Oximeters Have Inherent Racial Bias?

Anne Baetzel, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Identify factors effecting accuracy of pulse oximetry
  * Understand the difference between racial bias and statistical bias in the context of medical device development and
  regulation
  * Examine the literature surrounding the reliability of pulse oximetry in black patients and subjects and potential
  implications for clinical decision-making
• 10:15 AM – 10:35 AM Present: A Practical Approach to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Children
• John (Jake) Scott, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:�
  * Review principles of oxygen economy and mechanisms of oxygen debt development during pediatric surgery and
  critical illness.
  * Review the NIRS based assessment of regional and global oxygen economy.
  * Demonstrate how NIRS guided patient care may contribute to improved outcomes.
• 10:35 AM – 10:55 AM Future: Noninvasive Assessment of Volume Responsiveness
• Jenna M Sobey, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe current modalities for determining volume responsiveness in pediatric patient.
  * Explain venous waveform analysis and the patterns seen with varying volume states during pediatric surgery.
  * Understand the published venous waveform analysis data in adults and the potential future in pediatric patients.
• 10:55 AM – 11:15 AM Future: Quantitative Neuromuscular Monitoring – Can you Handle the Truth?
• Debra J. Faulk, MD

Objectives

• :
  Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Summarize current practice patterns of neuromuscular blockade, monitoring and reversal in pediatric anesthesia.
  * Compare the strengths and weakness of various qualitative and quantitative means of assessing the degree of
  neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism.
  * Develop a rational approach to monitoring the neuromuscular junction.
• 11:15 AM – 11:30 AM Q & A Discussion
  Session III: AAP Session
  Moderators: Rita Agarwal, MD, FAAP; Stephen R. Hays, MD, FAAP; Myron Yaster, MD
  11:30 AM – 12:05 PM Past, Present and Future: The Impact of Pediatrics on Pediatric Anesthesia – The Diseases, The Workforce, and
• The Training
  David G. Nichols, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Anticipate changes in pediatrics as they design new strategies for educational transformation in pediatric
  anesthesiology.
  * Anticipate changes in pediatrics as they design new strategies for health systems transformation in pediatric
  anesthesiology.
  12:05 PM – 12:15 PM Q & A Discussion
  12:15 PM – 12:30 PM Robert M. Smith Award – Shobha Malviya, MD
  Introduction by Rita Agarwal, MD, FAAP
• 12:30 PM – 1:30 PM Lunch with Exhibitors
• Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
• Session IV: Society for Pediatric Pain Medicine Session: Reducing Postoperative Opioids: Thinking Outside the Box
  Moderators: Kristen O. Spisak, MD; Robert T. Wilder, MD, PhD
  1:30 PM – 1:45 PM Past: PACU “Pain” – What Else is in the Differential?
• Jeana E. Havidich, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the different types of “pain” and selecting appropriate assessment tools and treatment.
  * Discuss differential diagnosis of postoperative pain in children.
  * Discuss the psychological impact of the pandemic.
• 1:45 PM – 2:00 PM Present: Launching an Ambulatory Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block Program
• Ravi D. Shah, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the safety and efficacy of continuous peripheral nerve blockade for outpatient surgery.
  * Identify strategies to successfully implement an outpatient pediatric peripheral nerve catheter program.
• 2:00 PM – 2:15 PM Future: Methadone for Acute Perioperative Pain

Annika Barnett, MD
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using perioperative Methadone in opioid-naive children.
  * Describe ways to incorporate Methadone into acute perioperative pain management.
• 2:15 PM – 2:30 PM Q & A Discussion
  2:30 PM – 3:00 PM Ice Cream Break with Exhibitors
• Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
  Session V: PEDx SPA Committee/Special Interest Group Edition
  Moderators: Meera Gangadharan, MBBS, FAAP; Jamie Sinton, MD
  3:00 PM – 3:15 PM Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group: Lessons Learned Developing a Consensus Statement

Courtney A. Derderian, MD
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Explain the Delphi method of consensus statement creation.
  * Devise strategies to overcome challenges while in the process of composing a consensus statement.
  * Apply the Delphi method to your field of expertise.
• 3:15 PM – 3:30 PM Pediatric AirWay outcomeS in COVID-19: the PAWS-COVID-19 International, Multicenter, Prospective

Database
Melissa L. Brooks Peterson, MD
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Define the expected outcomes for pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia with confirmed or suspected COVID-19,
  especially with respect to hypoxemia.
  * Recognize the practice patterns and airway management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how those differ from
  routine pediatric anesthesia practice.
  * Understand the benefits and limitations of a large, international, multicenter, prospective database.
• 3:30 PM – 3:45 PM SPA Global: Distance Education – Past, Present and Future

Paul G. Firth, MD
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Review past and present distance education in anesthesia.
  * Understand the role of distance education within the structure of education delivery.
  3:45 PM – 4:00 PM Quality and Safety Committee: Post-operative Apnea Project Update

Priti G. Dalal, MBBS, MD, FRCA
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Explore available literature regarding post-anesthesia apnea in infants.
  * Describe results of a systematic review and meta-analysis pertaining to post-operative apnea in infants.
  * Discuss challenges with establishing standardized guidelines regarding cut-off age for post-operative admission and
  timing of discharge in case of ex-premature infants.
• 4:00 PM – 4:15 PM Q & A Discussion
  WORKSHOP SESSION (In-Person Only)
  3:00 PM – 6:00 PM WORKSHOP: A Practical Approach to Quality Improvement and Performance Management (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Imelda Michelle Tjia, MD
  Robert M. Brustowicz, MD, FAAP, FACMQ; Julia H. Chen, MD; Allison M. Fernandez, MD; Angela C. Lee, MD; Lauren
  Lobaugh, MD; Neha Patel, MD; Sally E. Rampersad, MB DCH FRCA; Laura Schleelein, MD; Rajeev Subramanyam, MD;
  Anna M. Varughese, MD, MPH; Lillian Zamora, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Discuss the foundation required for quality improvement work appropriate for members with wide ranging background
  knowledge and experience, using the IHI “Model for Improvement” framework.
  * Identify the tools and analytical framework required for improvement work, with applied learning table-exercises to
  enhance the applicability of these tools.
  * Discuss the concepts of Lean methodology, the use of Lean tools and provide an example of a clinical project using this
  framework that has demonstrated improvement in the perioperative area.
  * Discuss the psychology of change and the process of team building needed for fostering a culture of improvement and
  a QI discipline.
  Location: JW Marriott – Ybor I – Level 2
• 3:00 PM – 6:00 PM WORKSHOP: Difficult Airway Workshop (In-Person Only)
  Coordinator: Guelay Bilen-Rosas, MD; Christopher G. Ward, MD
  Julianna Clark-Wronski, MD; Edward Cooper, MD; Rodrigo Daly Guris, MD; Oleg Drozhinin, MD; Elizabeth Eastburn,
  DO; Cheryl K. Gooden, MD, FAAP; Emily Hesselink, MD; Grace Hsu, MD; Jared Hylton, MD; Narasimhan Jagannathan,
  MD, MBA; Pete G. Kovatsis, MD; Sang Le, MD; Ying Eva Lu-Boettcher, MD; Maria Matuszczak, MD; Shivani Mukkamala,
  MD; Michale S. Ok, MD; Ayodele Oke, MD; Vanessa A. Olbrecht, MD; Sarah Oswald, MD; Amish Patel, MD; Vikram P.
  Patel, MD, MBBS; David M. Polaner, MD, FAAP; Deepika Rao, MD; Luis Sequera Ramos, MD; Robert Shaw, MD; Lisa
  Sohn, MD; Brian P. Struyk, MD; T. Wesley Templeton, MD; Lana Volz, MD; Charlotte Walter, MD; Olga Wolke, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Recognize situations and pediatric syndromes in which alternative methods for securing the airway may be necessary.
  * Develop a systematic anatomic and physiologic approach to the assessment of the difficult airway and to planning
  airway management.
  * Describe new devices and technologies for securing the airway and what their indications and limitations are.
  * Utilize above devices and technologies for securing the airway.
  Location: JW Marriott – Ybor V – Level 2
• 3:00 PM – 6:00 PM WORKSHOP: Advanced Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Amod Sawardekar, MD
  Tarun Bhalla, MD, MBA, FASA, FAAP; Candice M. Burrier, MD; Arjunan Ganesh, MBBS; Chris D. Glover, MD; Jared
  Hylton, MD; Kim-Phuong Thi Nguyen, MD; Nihar V. Patel, MD; Elizabeth M. Ross, MD; Ravi D. Shah, MD; Angelica A.
  Vargas, MD; Benjamin J. Walker, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Understand the advanced functions of the ultrasound machine.
  * Differentiate the ultrasound probes for various age groups.
  * Define anatomy using ultrasound guidance of advanced peripheral nerve blocks including upper and lower extremity,
  truncal, and head and neck blocks.
  * Scan and perform the common and advanced peripheral nerve blocks utilized in pediatric anesthesia practice.
  Location: Marriott – Meeting Room 11 – Level 3
• WORKSHOP SESSION (In-Person Only)
  3:00 PM – 5:30 PM WORKSHOP: Re-wiring the Brain – Real-life Techniques for Building Resilience and Well-being (In-Person
• Only)
  Coordinator: Laura K. Berenstain, MD, FASA; Leelach Rothschild , MD
  Ilana R Fromer, MD; Gregory B. Hammer, MD; Norah Ruth Janosy, MD; Katherine G. Keech, MD; Rebecca Margolis,
  DO; Heather Mitzel Levy, DO; Emad B. Mossad, MD; Samuel D. Yanofsky, MD, MSEd

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Discuss the complementary roles of compassion, including self-compassion, mindfulness meditation, positive
  psychology, and thought reframing (the GAIN technique) in building and sustaining well-being.
  * Utilize mindfulness meditation and ways to apply this skill in daily life at home and work.
  * Describe the nuances of compassion and self-compassion meditation and mindfulness and how to implement both for
  development and growth.
  * Utilize the GAIN method for self-reflection.
  * Discuss the role of positive psychology interventions in reframing mindset.
• Location: JW Marriott – Manatee – Level 4
• 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: Nonclinical Professional Growth Opportunities for Pediatric Anesthesiologists (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Andrea Dutoit, MD; Jessica K K. Goeller, DO; Mohanad Shukry, MD
  Harshad G. Gurnaney, MBBS, MPH; Joseph D. Tobias, MD, FAAP; Tetsu Uejima, MD; Joshua C. Uffman, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * State current personal career accomplishments and identify future career goals and objectives.
  * Identify personal values.
  * Understand different areas of nonclinical professional growth opportunities.
  * Describe how to initiate and engage in opportunities for nonclinical professional growth.
  * Identify multiple areas in the educational domain in which a pediatric anesthesiologist can grow their career.
  Location: JW Marriott – Fort Brooke – Level 2
• 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM WORKSHOP: Creating a Peer to Peer Support System: Caring for the Caregiver in Times of Stress (In-Person
• Only)
  Coordinator: Renee N. Kreeger, MD; Paul J. Samuels, MD; Eric Wittkugel, MD
  Norah Ruth Janosy, MD; Ji Yeon Kang, MD; Joseph W. McSoley, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Describe the need for and the effectiveness of peer to peer support.
  * Identify key components of the peer support process.
  * Demonstrate peer support skills in actual conversations with workshop participants (invite, listen, reflect, reframe,
  learning, providing resources, closing).
  * Create a personal roadmap to build and grow a peer support system in your organization.
  Location: JW Marriott – Aremenia – Level 3
• 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM WORKSHOP: Doing Your Part: How to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Your Anesthetic. Easy Practice
• Changes That Make a Big Difference (In-Person Only)
  Coordinator: Diane W. Gordon, MD
  Jason Bryant, MD; Jeffrey M. Feldman, MD, MSE; Galaxy Li, MD; Carole Lin, MD; Molly Mayo-Hilgenberg Herr, MD;
  Shazia Mohammad, MD; Suryakumar Narayanasamy, MD, MBBS; Sophie R. Pestieau, MD; Vidya T. Raman, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
• * Find new confidence in using low-flow anesthesia by reviewing the underlying principles of physiology and
  pharmacology and practicing with guided example calculations.
  * Understand how disposable laryngoscopes became so popular and the arguments for switching back or continuing to
  use reusable laryngoscopes.
  * Outline a plan to eliminate desflurane and nitrous oxide from your personal practice and learn strategies for removing
  them from your hospital.
  * Expand understanding of how pharmaceutical waste is disposed of and implement strategies to decrease the amount
  of pharmaceutical waste in your operating room.
  Location: JW Marriott – Ybor II / III – Level 2
• 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM WORKSHOP: Crush Your Next Presentation or Virtual Meeting (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Debnath Chatterjee, MD, FAAP; Jina Sinskey, MD
  Titilopemi Aina, MD, MPH, FAAP, FASA; John Fiadjoe, MD; Jorge A. Galvez, MD, MBI

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Use the mind-mapping technique to generate ideas and create an outline for a presentation.
  * Identify common pitfalls when using PowerPoint for scientific presentations.
  * Summarize best practices for delivering effective and engaging presentations.
  * List at least 3 sources for finding high-quality copyright-free images for presentations.
  * Discuss at least 3 ways to leverage technology to improve virtual meetings and presentations.
  Location: Marriott – Meeting Room 6 – Level 3
  Session VI: Pediatric Anesthesiologists as Leaders: Past/Present/Future
  Moderators: Lynn D. Martin, MD, MBA, FAAP; Karla Wyatt, MD, MS
  4:15 PM – 4:35 PM Past/Present: The Pediatric Anesthesia Leadership Council: Where have we been and where are we headed?

Thomas J. Long, MD, FAAP
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the roots and beginnings of PALC.
  * Review the structure of PALC.
  * Discuss PALC initiatives and accomplishments.
  * Discuss current and future PALC aspirations.
• 4:35 PM – 4:55 PM Present: Developing Leaders and Healing Inequity: Fixing the Leaky Pathways
• Felipe D. Perez, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the partnership between high schools, California Society of Anesthesiologist, Project Lead The Way,
  Assemblymember Low, and Stanford.
  * Give examples of community outreach programs from across the nation.
  * Formulate ideas of how to implement an outreach project.
  4:55 PM – 5:15 PM Pediatric Anesthesiology and SPA: A Vision for Our Future
• Nina Deutsch, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the changing role of pediatric anesthesiologists in the perioperative realm.
  * Propose areas of growth for SPA and its members.
• 5:15 PM – 5:30 PM Q & A Discussion
  5:30 PM – 7:00 PM Reception with Exhibitors
• Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
• SATURDAY, APRIL 2, 2022
  6:00 AM – 5:00 PM Registration
• Location: JW Marriott – Tampa Bay Ballroom South – PreFunction – Level 4
• 6:30 AM – 7:30 AM Continental Breakfast with Exhibitors
  Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
• Moderated Case Report Posters
  Thomas A. Anderson, MD, PhD; Andres Bacigalupo Landa, MD; Rahul Baijal, MD; Sean Barnes, MD; Lisa Caplan, MD; Jerry Chao, MD; Priti G. Dalal, MBBS,
  MD, FRCA; Sabina DiCindio, DO; Laura Downey, MD; John Fiadjoe, MD; Harshad G. Gurnaney, MBBS, MPH; Richard J. Levy, MD, FAAP; Olutoyin Olutoye,
• MD, M.Sc, FAAP; Mario Patino, MD; Vidya T. Raman, MD; Srijaya Reddy, MD, MBA; Lawrence I. Schwartz, MD; Emmett E. Whitaker, MD; Robert T. Wilder,
  MD, PhD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this session, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the latest scientific studies that are being performed in pediatric anesthesia to advance the specialty.
  * Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of new techniques and data related to pediatric anesthesiology studies
  * Understand specific lessons learned from the literature as they relate to various aspects of pediatric anesthesia, including regional, cardiac and pain
  management.
  Session I: The Burden of Inequity: Vulnerable Populations
  Moderators: Nathalia Jimenez, MD; Kirk Lalwani, MBBS, FRCA, MCR
  7:30 AM – 7:55 AM Past/Present: Disparity in Pediatric Surgical Health: A Perpetual Zero-sum Gain
• Olubukola O. Nafiu, MD, FRCA
  Objectives:
  Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Evaluate the spectrum and consequences of pediatric surgical health disparities.
  * Recant the history and epidemiology of health disparities in the US.
  * Understand the urgent need for action by all healthcare providers.
• 7:55 AM – 8:20 AM Present and Future: Barriers to Congenital Cardiac Care in the Latin American OR and Beyond
• Rodrigo Lopez Barreda, MD
  Objectives:
  Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Name different barriers that a child suffering from a congenital heart disease must overcome in order to get
  healthcare.
  * Acknowledge access gaps to healthcare in different countries.
  * Identify social factors that may play a role in the outcome of cardiac surgery.
• 8:20 AM – 8:30 AM Q & A Discussion
  Session II: AAP Ask the Experts: Breastfeeding
  Moderators: Christina D. Diaz, MD FASA FAAP; Mary F. Landrigan-Ossar, MD, PhD
  8:30 AM – 8:45 AM History and Perceptions Regarding Breastfeeding

Lisgelia Santana-Rojas, MD
Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the history of breastfeeding in the USA.
  * Discuss perceptions of breastfeeding by healthcare providers.
  * Discuss challenges anesthesiologist mothers face to continue to breastfeed their children.
• 8:45 AM – 9:00 AM Lactation in the Perioperative Setting
• Erin Conner, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * List the reasons a mother may choose to provide breastmilk for their child.
  * Outline the protective laws for lactating mothers in the workplace.
  * Describe the elements of a supportive workplace for lactating mothers.
  * Formulate a breast pumping policy for your lactating colleagues and trainees in the perioperative environment.
• 9:15 AM – 9:30 AM Q & A Discussion
  9:30 AM – 10:00 AM Coffee Break with Exhibitors
• Location: JW Marriott – HB Plant Ballroom – Level 2
• 9:00 AM – 9:15 AM Medications and Breastfeeding
  Sarah J. Reece-Stremtan, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the properties influencing medication transfer to baby via mothers’ milk.
  * Identify resources to verify the safety of specific medications.
• Session III: Poster Presentations and Awards
  Moderators: Katherine G. Keech, MD; Justin B. Long, MD, MHI, FAAP
  10:00 AM – 10:20 AM Lightning Abstracts
  Jorge A. Galvez, MD, MBI

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this session, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the latest scientific studies that are being performed in pediatric anesthesia to advance the specialty.
  * Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of new techniques and data related to pediatric anesthesiology studies
  * Understand specific lessons learned from the literature as they relate to various aspects of pediatric anesthesia,
  including regional, cardiac and pain management.
• 10:25 AM – 10:50 AM Oral Presentations and Awards

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this session, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the latest scientific studies that are being performed in pediatric anesthesia to advance the specialty.
  * Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of new techniques and data related to pediatric anesthesiology studies
  * Understand specific lessons learned from the literature as they relate to various aspects of pediatric anesthesia,
  including regional, cardiac and pain management.
• 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM Moderated Posters
• Thomas M. Austin, Jr., MD; Rahul Baijal, MD; Sean Barnes, MD; Jerry Chao, MD; Vidya Chidambaran, MBBS, MD; Nina
  Deutsch, MD; Sabina DiCindio, DO; Divya Dixit, MD; Laura Downey, MD; Richard J. Levy, MD, FAAP; Malgorzata S.
  Lutwin-Kawalec, MD; Olubukola O. Nafiu, MD, FRCA; Olutoyin Olutoye, MD, M.Sc, FAAP; Mario Patino, MD;
  Radhamangalam J. Ramamurthi, MD, FRCA; Vidya T. Raman, MD; Lawrence I. Schwartz, MD; Rajeev Subramanyam,
  MD; Imelda Michelle Tjia, MD; Emmett E. Whitaker, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this session, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the latest scientific studies that are being performed in pediatric anesthesia to advance the specialty.
  * Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of new techniques and data related to pediatric anesthesiology studies
  * Understand specific lessons learned from the literature as they relate to various aspects of pediatric anesthesia,
  including regional, cardiac and pain management.
  Location: Marriott – Grand Ballroom – Level 2
• 12:30 PM – 1:45 PM Lunch on Own
  10:20 AM – 10:25 AM Tribute to Dr. John J. “Jack” Downes
  10:50 AM – 11:00 AM Q & A Discussion
  Session IV: Hot topics in Pediatric Anesthesia
  Moderators: Tarun Bhalla, MD, MBA, FASA, FAAP; Alecia S. Stein, MD
  1:45 PM – 2:00 PM Sugammadex: Still A Wonder Drug for Infants?
• Laura Gilbertson, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the appropriate dosing of sugammadex administration in pediatric patients.
  * Interpret the current literature on the potential for recurarization after sugammadex reversal.
  * Construct an appropriate plan when a pediatric patient requires reversal from deep neuromuscular blockade.
• 2:00 PM – 2:15 PM Opioid Free Anesthesia: Have We Gone Too Far?
• Navil F. Sethna, MB, ChB

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Review the role of central and peripheral nerve blocks.
  * Assess the value of opioid-sparing analgesics.
  * Discuss if anesthesia is possible without opioids.
• 2:15 PM – 2:30 PM SGAs for T&As and Deep Extubations in Pediatric Anesthesia – Is This a Safe Practice?
• Narasimhan Jagannathan, MD, MBA

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Highlight the advantages and evidence base approaches of deep extubations in various pediatric patient populations.
  * Understand the advantages of SGA use in T&A and for the difficult airway.
• 2:30 PM – 2:45 PM One vs. Two Hour NPO Guideline for Clear Liquids
• Khoa Nguyen, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Review current ASA guidelines for NPO prior to receiving anesthesia.
• * Understand the most recent literature regarding NPO for clear liquids prior to receiving anesthesia.
  * Understand the most recent literature regarding gastric emptying times in children.
• 2:45 PM – 3:00 PM Q & A Discussion
  3:00 PM – 3:30 PM Ice Cream Break
• Location: JW Marriott – Tampa Bay South – PreFunction – Level 4
• WORKSHOP SESSION (In-Person Only)
  3:00 PM – 6:00 PM WORKSHOP: Implementing Infant Spinal Anesthesia in Your Practice (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Jerry Chao, MD; Emmett E. Whitaker, MD
  Ellise Cappuccio, MD; Benjamin Farber, MD; Ashlee Holman, MD; Rama Jayanthi, MD; Chang Amber Liu, MD; Kristen
  O. Spisak, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Discuss the advantageous clinical properties of spinal anesthesia in infants.
  * Identiry strategies for successful placement of spinal anesthesia in infants including:
  a. Familiarization with equipment and pharmacologic agents/dosing for spinal anesthesia.
  b. Techniques for successful technical administration of the spinal block.
  * Identify strategies to implement spinal anesthesia in their practice including:
  a. Guidance on informed consent conversations with parents and caregivers.
  b. How to recruit surgical champions and earn buy-in from the Department of Anesthesiology.
  c. Preparation of perioperative staff before performing spinal anesthesia.
  d. Care of the infant under spinal anesthesia in the OR.
  e. Troubleshooting once surgery is underway.
  Location: JW Marriott – Ybor III – Level 2
• 3:00 PM – 6:00 PM WORKSHOP: Getting Ahead and Getting What You Want: Achieving Personal and Gender Equality Through
• Negotiation and Peer Coaching (In-Person Only)
  Coordinator: Scott D. Markowitz, MD, FAAP; Mirjana Vustar, MD; Olga Wolke, MD
  Rita Agarwal, MD, FAAP; Norah Ruth Janosy, MD; Mary Dale Peterson, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Define implicit and explicit biases that prevent women and minorities advancement.
• * Undestand and practice with the powerful technique of peer coaching for professional development and goal-
  attainment.
• * Acheve a practical understanding and hands -on practice of everyday negotiation skills in advocacy for personal and
  gender equality, as well as in common interaction in the work environment.
  Location: JW Marriott – Ybor I – Level 2
• WORKSHOP SESSION (In-Person Only)
  3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: Pediatric Patient Blood Management (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Susan M. Goobie, MD
  Destiny F. Chau, MD; Laura Downey, MD; David Faraoni, MD, PhD, FAHA; Norma J. Klein, MD; Kimmo Murto, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Gain understanding and insight into practical evidence based patient blood management strategies to best manage
  the bleeding child for cardiac and non-cardiac surgery including international massive hemorrhage guidelines.
  * Gain understanding of the risk and benefits of blood transfusion in pediatric patients and learn useful strategies to
  guide decision making with improving patient centered outcomes as the main goal.
  * Discuss new concepts pertaining to viscoelastic testing, coagulation factors and blood product substitutes and blood
  banking basics.
  Location: Marriott – Grand Ballroom CD – Level 2
• 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: Advanced Techniques for Peripheral Vascular Access (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Gregory J. Schears, MD
  Franklin B. Chiao, MD; Andrea Dutoit, MD; Jorge A. Galvez, MD, MBI; Stephen J Gleich, MD, FAAP; Ryan J. Hamlin, MD;
  Greg Johnson, MD; Elaina Lin, MD; Jessica Lorenz, MD; Joseph W. McSoley, MD; Olivia Nelson, MD; Michael E
  Nemergut, MD; Elizabeth O’Brien, MD; Raquel Schears, MD; Kim Strupp, MD; Luis M. Zabala, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Identify a reliable means of obtaining successful peripheral access using ultrasound guidance.
  * Demonstrate the advantages of Near Infrared technology for peripheral venous access.
  * Practice use and understand implications of intraosseous catheters to obtain venous access.
  * Discuss problems related to difficult vascular access and solutions to help meet patient needs.

• Location: Marriott – Grand Ballroom E – Level 2

• 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: Family and Patient-Centered Perioperative Care: Equitable and Inclusive Care for Diverse

• Children and Families (In-Person Only)
• Coordinator: Nathalia Jimenez, MD; Travis L. Reece-Nguyen, MD
• Sean Antosh, MD; Jennifer L. Chiem, MD; Odinakachukwu Ehie, MD; Tomas A. Lazo, MD; Felipe D. Perez, MD; Remigio
• A. Roque, MD; Courtni Salinas, MD; Mirjana Vustar, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
• * Understand diversity in the US pediatric population and how health determinants and vulnerabilities vary by
• populations groups.
• * Understand family and patient-centered care approaches and how these can be implemented in the perioperative
• period to support vulnerable populations.
• * Describe how healthcare can be influenced by a patient-centered approach using the unique perspectives of three
• underrepresented populations (transgender and gender-diverse children, children of families with Limited English
• Proficiency (LEP) and children with atypical neurodevelopment).
• Location: Marriott – Meeting Room 8 – Level 3

• 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: One-Lung Ventilation in Pediatric Patients (In-Person Only)

• Coordinator: Rahul Baijal, MD; Shazia Mohammad, MD; Emad B. Mossad, MD; Premal Trivedi, MD
• Craig Belon, MD PhD; Richard M. Dsida, MD; Evelyn M. Griffin, MD; Vincent Hsieh, MD; Chyong-jy Joyce Liu, DO;
• Rebecca Margolis, DO; Olga Pawelek, MD; Jamie Sinton, MD; T. Wesley Templeton, MD

Objectives:

• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
• * Describe the indications for one-lung ventilation (OLV) in children and the procedures that may require OLV in

• children.

• * Compare and contrast the physiologic changes induced by OLV in children versus adults.
• * Review current choices for OLV in infants, children, and adolescents.
• * Assess the pros and cons of these different strategies and devices.
• * Successfully demonstrate how to perform lung isolation using a range of devices.
• Location: Marriott – Meeting Room 12 – Level 2

• 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: PediEscape: A Simulation Escape Room Experience…Are You Up For A Challenge? (In-Person

• Only)

  Coordinator: Lisa Caplan, MD; Chelsea A. Willie, MD

  Kimberly R. Blasius, MD; Tanna J. Boyer, DO, MS; Priscilla J. Garcia, MD; Devika Singh, MD; Jenna M Sobey, MD;

  Kenneth L. Wayman, MD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:

  * Recognize the benefits from use of an escape room platform to promote simulation principles.

  * Identify a variety of simulation technologies that can be utilized to develop relevant educational activities.

  * Develop team building and improved communication skills through the utilization of escape room principles.

  * Demonstrate effective crisis resource management skills which can be applicable to clinical practice.

  Location: Marriott – Meeting Room 9-10 – Level 3

3:00 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP: Integrative Techniques for Pediatric Anesthesiologists: Patient Care and Self Care (In-Person

• Only)
  Coordinator: Lynn R. Correll, MD, PhD, FAAP, ABOIM
  Gillian Lauder, MB BCh, FRCA, FRCPC, CPE ; Julie A. McWhorter, MD
  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:

  * Identify the important role that mind-body modalities can play in mitigating the perioperative stress response.

  * Discuss the practice of auricular acupressure and will learn and practice basic techniques for ear-seed placement in

  accordance with an evidence-based perioperative stress reduction protocol.

  * Better understand the basis for energy healing, and the principles of Reiki including attunement and working symbols.

  Participants will discuss how Reiki is used in pediatric anesthesia practice, and will experience a group meditation using

  reiki for physician self-care.

  * Recognize valuable Hypnotic strategies that can alleviate some of the psychological suffering associated with

  procedural techniques.

  Location: Marriott – Meeting Room 11 – Level 3

• Session V: It’s Not Easy Being Green

  Moderators: Diane W. Gordon, MD; Helen Lee, MD, MPH

• 3:30 PM – 3:50 PM Reducing our Ecological Footprint: Perioperative Solid Waste Management

• Shazia Mohammad, MD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:

  * Identify the sources of perioperative solid waste generation.

  * Summarize the 5Rs (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle) of waste management.

  * Formulate strategies to reduce generation of solid waste in the operating room.

  3:50 PM – 4:15 PM Brief Use, Lasting Impact: How Waste Permeates Our Environment

• Timothy G. Townsend, PhD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:

  * Summarize how waste and recycling management systems fail to contain waste products.

  * Illustrate how this failure leads to microplastic, PFAS and other chemical contamination of the environment.

  * Describe the health impacts of microplastics and PFAS on non-human life.

• 4:15 PM – 4:45 PM The Impact of Inhalational and IV Anesthetics on the Environment and Strategies for Waste Reduction

• Lauren C. Berkow, MD, FASA

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:

  * Recognize the impact of inhalational and IV anesthetics on the environment.

  * Discuss strategies to reduce waste as well as reduce cost.

  * Recognize how sustainable practice in the operating room can impact the environment and reduce costs.

• 4:45 PM – 5:00 PM Q & A Discussion

  PBLD SESSION – All PBLDs Will Be Offered VIRTUALLY

  5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 12: A 17-year-old Girl with Foot Drop After an Uneventful Popliteal Nerve Block: Should I Change My

• Practice?

  Alexander Praslick, MD; Mihaela Visoiu, MD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:

  * Discuss the preoperative evaluation, popliteal nerve block techniques, anesthetic implications, and potential

  complications associated with a popliteal nerve block single injection.

  * Recognize possible mechanisms of peripheral nerve block injury and clinical implications that could make the practice

  of popliteal nerve block safe.

  * Describe appropriate consultations, investigations, treatment options, and appropriate follow-up that could influence

  an acute peripheral neuropathy prognosis after a popliteal nerve block.

  5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 13: Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Coarctation of the Aorta for Repair

• Jacques H. Scharoun, MD; Aarti Sharma, MD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:

  * Discuss preoperative evaluation, preparation, and anesthetic implications associated with tracheoesophageal fistula.

  * Discuss the anesthetic implications of aortic coarctation.

  * Discuss how the simultaneous presence of coarctation and tracheoesophageal fistula affects management.

  * Discuss the intraoperative management modalities of the tracheoesophageal fistula and the goals of the postoperative

  care.

• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 14: Oh MI, If WEED Only Known: Cannabinoids, the Cath Lab, and the Pediatric Anesthesiologist

• Mary Lyn Stein, MD; Katherine L. Zaleski, MD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:

  * Understand the cardiovascular effects of marijuana/cannabinoid use.

  * Understand the perioperative management principles for pediatric patients presenting with EKG changes and evidence

  of new myocardial dysfunction.

  * Discuss the logistical and ethical challenges of perioperative drug screens in adolescents.

• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 15: Hyperkalemia: This K+ Has Got Me Going Bananas!

• Maireen Miravite, MD; Kunal Sualy, MD

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:

  * Formulate a differential diagnosis of hyperkalemia.

  * Develop a treatment plan for patients with hyperkalemia.

  * Recognize the signs and symptoms in patient with a transfusion reaction.

  * Develop a treatment plan for patients experiencing a transfusion reaction.

• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 16: Anterior Mediastinal Mass in the Anxious, Uncooperative Patient: Avoid, Abort, or Accept this

• Dreaded Case?

  Zhe Chen, MD; Christina D. Diaz, MD FASA FAAP

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:

  * Review preoperative evaluation and risk assessment in patients with mediastinal mass and oncologic treatments that

  may reduce anesthetic morbidity in high risk patients.

  * Debate anesthetic management strategies for patients with anterior mediastinal mass and review evidence from the

  literature.

  * Describe appropriate rescue modalities should life-threatening airway or cardiovascular compromise occur.

  * Formulate effective communication strategies for difficult discussions with patients, families, and surgeons.

  * Discuss local/institutional experiences of participants to encourage knowledge sharing of successful clinical pathways

  or algorithms.

• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 17: It’s Just a Port Placement…In a Hurlers Baby. What’s the Worst That Could Happen?

• Jamie Kitzman, MD; Julie Williamson, DO

  Objectives:

  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:

  * Identify the surgical and anesthetic risks of central line placement.

  * Review the anesthetic and surgical considerations for Hurler syndrome.

  * Formulate an intraoperative plan for rapid evaluation and treatment of possible catastrophic events in placement of

  central lines.

  * Describe the special considerations for pediatric massive transfusion.

  * Discuss the process and importance of operating room team debriefing after major adverse intraoperative events.

• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 18: Sit up Straight and Maintain a Heart Rate!
  Andrew J. Costandi, MD; Jocelyn Wong, MD
  Objectives:
  Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Identify challenges and risk factors for increased perioperative morbidity and mortality in caring for congenital heart
  disease patients undergoing high risk non-cardiac surgery.
  * Discuss pacemaker modalities in the setting of electrocautery, significant bleeding, and complete heart block.
  * Identify modalities to reduce surgical bleeding in posterior spinal fusions and methods to monitor resuscitation in a
  congenital cardiac patient undergoing high risk surgery.
  * Synthesize a differential for sudden onset bradycardia in a pacemaker dependent patient, with a severe Cobb angle,
  and formulate a plan for treatment in a prone patient with an open surgical incision.
  * Formulate a wide differential for delayed emergence in setting of prolonged prone positioning with unstable cardiac
  output.
• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 19: Prophylactic ECMO in a Stable Patient? When Hemodynamic Collapse May Be Imminent… And
• Experts Disagree on Care
  Meagan King, MD; Susan R. Staudt, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss prophylactic ECMO, ECMO types and ethics of initiation in a hemodynamically stable patient.
  * Review Intravenous Lipid Emulsion (ILE) therapy indications and dosing, including bolus vs infusion strategies.
  * Discuss challenges when care team members, including non-physician experts, disagree.
  * Discuss the risks of ECMO and considerations with a concomitant pregnancy.
  * Review the most common medications used for intentional overdose and their toxicities (although this is a rare case in
  the specific medication consumed, overdoses with need for rescue and support therapy are all too common).
• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 20: Moyamoya: Beyond a Puff of Smoke
  Connie Mun-Price, DO; Neha Patel, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Appreciate the anesthetic considerations of patients with Neurofibromatosis.
  * Understand the FDA recommendations regarding pediatric radiation exposure.
  * Describe the pathophysiology and co-existing diseases in Moyamoya Disease.
  * Formulate an appropriate anesthetic plan for a patient with Moyamoya Disease.
  * Understand the surgical treatment options for patients with Moyamoya Disease.
  5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 21: To Intubate or Not To Intubate: A Difficult Airway in the MRI Suite
• Deborah A. Romeo, MD; Samantha J. Vizzini, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the pediatric airway and its unique challenges.
  * Discuss evaluation of the pediatric way.
  * Understand how to manage a difficult pediatric airway and when to call for assistance.
• * Discuss challenges of anesthesia in offsite locations.
  * Explore concerns for extubation of a possible difficult airway and when it is appropriate.
  5:00 PM – 6:10 PM PBLD 22: Hypoxemia in Fontan Physiology – Just Another Failing Fontan?
• Martina Richtsfeld, MD; Elena Zupfer, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Describe the physiology and pathophysiology associated with the Fontan circuit.
  * Discuss the differential diagnosis of hypoxia in patients with Fontan physiology.
  * Discuss the utility of a structured pre-operative team briefing and the role of interprofessional communication
  throughout the perioperative period.
  * Examine the effects of different anesthetic and ventilation strategies in patients with Fontan physiology.
  * Review the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism along with its effects on hemodynamics and gas exchange.
• Expert Round Tables – All Round Tables Will Be Offered VIRTUALLY
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of the Round Table Discussion, the participant will be able to:
  * Initiate scholarly endeavors and manage challenging clinical and professional scenarios.
  * Develop a personalized approach for initiating scholarly projects and explore various techniques for dealing with difficult or controversial clinical and
  professional situations.
  5:00 PM – 6:10 PM RT 6: Opioid-Free Anesthesia
• Moderators: Senthilkumar Sadhasivam, MD, MPH, MBA, FASA; Marc Mecoli, MD; Senthil Packiasabapathy, MD; Robert
  Weaver, MD
  5:00 PM – 6:10 PM RT 7: Influencing Conflict
• Moderators: Emad B. Mossad, MD; Jina Sinskey, MD
• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM RT 8: Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Patient for Non-cardiac Surgery
  Moderators: Viviane G. Nasr, MD; Lynne M. Sterni, MD; John D. Moore, MD
• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM RT 9: American College of Surgeons Children’s Surgery Verification – Benefits, Implementation, and Change
• Management
  Moderators: Jayant K. Deshpande, MD, MPH, FAAP; Constance S. Houck, MD, FAAP; Anna M. Varughese, MD, MPH
• 5:00 PM – 6:10 PM RT 10: How to Develop and Mentor Junior Faculty
• Moderators: Lynn D. Martin, MD, MBA, FAAP; Olutoyin Olutoye, MD, M.Sc, FAAP; Ayodele Oke, MD
• 6:00 PM – 6:45 PM Special Reception: SPA Rising Stars (Invitation Only)
  6:30 PM – 9:30 PM SPA Gala – Cruising through the Past and Sailing into the Future, Celebrating 35 Years of the SPA
• (Open to Attendees and Their Families – TICKET REQUIRED)
  Location: Marriott Water Street – Grand Ballroom Foyer – Level 2
• SUNDAY, APRIL 3, 2022
  PBLD SESSION – All PBLDs Will Be Offered VIRTUALLY
  7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 23: Level 1A Gunshot Wound to the Head: Anesthetic Considerations for the Pediatric Patient with Head
• Trauma
  Natalie R. Barnett, MD; John Green, DO
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Understand the primary and secondary survey priorities of evaluation and management of the pediatric trauma
  patient.
  * Discuss the perioperative considerations of the pediatric patient presenting with acute traumatic injuries.
  * Discuss the perioperative management of the patient presenting with acute head trauma.
  * Discuss blood product transfusion in the pediatric patient with traumatic injuries.
  * Discuss anesthetic management considerations specific to ocular trauma in pediatric patients.
  7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 24: Just a Partial Bowel Obstruction? Massive Transfusion Activation on a Micro-Preemie
• Marcellene Franzen, MD; Mackenzie Laurila, DO
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Recognize medical considerations for an extremely premature infant.
  * Discuss the challenges of caring for a medically complex patient in a remote location, as well as resources to utilize in
  an emergency event.
  * Describe massive transfusion and associated complications in infants.
  * Identify indications for high frequency oscillatory ventilation.
  * Discuss how language barriers can affect healthcare outcomes and ways to optimize communication.
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 25: Triple Threat: Trisomy 18, Myelomeningocele, and Tetralogy of Fallot
• Laura Downey, MD; Stephanie N. Grant, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the constellation of congenital anomalies associated with Trisomy 18.
  * Discuss the current literature regarding survival and outcomes for patients with Trisomy 18.
  * Develop plans for induction and anesthetic maintenance for a patient with a difficult
  airway, Tetralogy of Fallot, and myelomeningocele.
  * Discuss the ethics of providing ECMO support for patients with Trisomy 18 during the perioperative period.
  7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 26: The Trials and Tribulations of The On Call Anesthesiologist; Competing Surgeons, Upset Parents and
• a Foreign Body Aspiration
  Michael Kaczmarski, MD; Judit M. Szolnoki, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Utilize an Objective Method and System to Prioritize Emergency Surgeries and Multiple Surgical Services when OR Staff
  is Scarce.
  * Explore Conflict Management Techniques When Communicating with Families in High Stake and Sigh Stress
  Situations.
  * Differentiate and Describe Anticipated Clinical Course, Including Anesthesia Plan for Surgical Intervention for Common
  Foreign Body Aspiration in the Pediatric Population.
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 27: POP Does the Lung! Anesthetic Management of Resection of Large Pleuropulmonary Blastoma.
• Barbara C. Nzegwu, MD; Ammar N Yamani, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Identify the common presentations of PPB.
  * Discuss the options for induction of anesthesia in a patient with PPB.
  * Describe options and considerations for lung isolation and optimal operating conditions in pediatric thoracic surgery.
  * Develop a plan for pain management following pediatric thoracic surgery.
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 28: Can My Peri-Operative Care Plan Influence the Development of Chronic Post-Surgical Pain?
• Doralina L. Anghelescu, MD; Michael Frett, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the prevalence of CPSP in pediatric surgery.
  * Identify risk factors for development of CPSP in children: modifiable factors vs. non-modifiable factors; biological risk
  factors vs. psychosocial variables.
  * Consider components of the pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative plan with contributing value to reduce
  the risk of CPSP.
  * Analyze and understand the body of literature reflecting CPSP in children.
  * Consider the value of regional anesthetics in prevention of CPSP.
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 29: Anesthetic and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Considerations for a Pediatric Patient on the Ketogenic Diet
• with a Family History of Malignant Hyperthermia
  Katie Roddy, MD; Cori R. Van Gorkom, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the ketogenic diet (KD) and its use in pediatric patients for the treatment of intractable epilepsy and infantile
  spasms.
  * Discuss the peri-operative implications for patients on the KD.
  * Discuss pre-operative counseling for patients with a strong family history of malignant hyperthermia (MH) including
  details of MH testing.
  * Discuss the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) management of a patient on the KD.
  * Discuss the implications of CPB management for patients at risk for MH.
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM PBLD 30: Sooo Hungry but Unable to Swallow: Anesthesia for a Severely Malnourished Child with Esophageal
• Foreign Body
  Kim Strupp, MD; Matthew S. Wilder, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this PBLD, the participant will be able to:
  * Explain the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of severe malnutrition in a pediatric patient, including refeeding
  syndrome.
  * Discuss perioperative considerations in severe malnutrition.
  * Formulate a safe induction plan for a patient with airway compression.
  * Develop a plan for anesthetic and airway complications from a chronic esophageal foreign body.
• Expert Round Tables – All Round Tables Will Be Offered VIRTUALLY
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of the Round Table Discussion, the participant will be able to:
  * Initiate scholarly endeavors and manage challenging clinical and professional scenarios.
  * Develop a personalized approach for initiating scholarly projects and explore various techniques for dealing with difficult or controversial clinical and
  professional situations.
  7:10 AM – 8:20 AM RT 11: Hospital Leadership from Pediatric Anesthesiology
  Moderators: Peggy P. McNaull, MD; Courtney A. Hardy, MD, MBA, FAAP
  Karla Wyatt, MD, MS
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM RT 12: Ethics in the Operating Room – How to Approach DNR Policies, ECMO Candidacy, and When to Stop
• Moderators: David B Waisel, MD; Justin L. Lockman, MD, MSEd, FAAP
  7:10 AM – 8:20 AM RT 13: Growing Money on Trees – How to Get Funded
• Moderators: Vidya Chidambaran, MBBS, MD; Jennifer K. Lee, MD; Jamie Sinton, MD
• 7:10 AM – 8:20 AM RT 14: Disgruntled Families – Techniques for Navigation and De-escalation of Difficult or Contentious
• Conversations
• Moderators: Adam C. Adler, MD; Scott R. Dubow, MD; Brittany E. Bryant, MD
• 7:30 AM – 8:30 AM Continental Breakfast
• Location: JW Marriott – Tampa Bay South – PreFunction – Level 4
• Session: Advanced Practice Provider Symposium
  Moderators: Meghan Duggan, CRNA; Lisa A. Durako, CRNA
  8:30 AM – 9:00 AM Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  Shannon Hoy, DNP
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:�
  * Examine the pathophysiology of OI
  * Discuss the OI specific management protocols employed in a center of excellence
  * Detail perioperative pain management protocols for OI, including regional and neuraxial
• 9:00 AM – 9:30 AM Reduce Your Carbon Footprint with Easy Practice Changes
• Shazia Mohammad, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Explain the environmental impact of anesthesiology practice.
  * Compare and contrast inhaled anesthetics as greenhouse gases.
  * Implement practice changes to reduce the carbon footprint from anesthetics.
  * Identify at least two resources for environmental sustainability in anesthesiology practice.
• 9:35 AM – 9:50 AM Break
  9:50 AM – 10:20 AM Evaluation of the use of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Critical Events Checklist During Loss of Evoked
• Potentials in Children Undergoing Spinal Fusion Surgery
  Kimberly A. Russo, CRNA
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Identify the need for the use of checklists in emergencies.
  * Review the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Critical Events Checklist (SPA CEC).
  * Analyze response time to appropriate interventions with and without the checklist during loss of evoked potentials.
  * Prepare to apply the use of the SPA CEC to their own practice.
  10:20 AM – 10:50 AM Children with Cardiac Conditions Undergoing Non-cardiac Surgery
• Jamie Sinton, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:�
  * List anatomic monitoring considerations in children with congenital heart disease.
  * Discuss Qp considerations in the differential diagnosis of hypoxia.
  * Analyze electrophysiologic concerns using dexmedetomidine in an anesthetic
• 10:50 AM – 11:20 AM Evolution of Medications in Anesthesia
• Lauren Freedman, CRNA
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the origin of anesthesia medications.
• * Describe the unique use of medications used in anesthesia.
  * Identify practice changes developed due as a result of these medications.
• 9:30 AM – 9:35 AM Q&A Discussion
  11:20 AM – 11:30 AM Q&A Discussion
  Session I: A Focus on SPA Members: Inventions, Innovation and Research
  Moderators: Lisa Lee, MD; Richard J. Levy, MD, FAAP
  8:30 AM – 8:55 AM Idea to Innovation: Collisions and Collaborations That Keep Us ‘Flowing’ – A Tale of a Respiration Monitoring
• Method
  Guelay Bilen-Rosas, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Recognize the limitations and delays of current monitoring (pulse-oximetry, HR, Capnography, RIP) in respect to the
  changes of respiratory airflow.
  * Describe how ultrasound signaling can be used to quantify airflow compared to ground truth spirometry.
  * Convince how multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to challenge status quos.
  8:55 AM – 9:15 AM Updates from SPA Young Investigator Research Award Recipients
  Keren Griffiths, MD, PhD; Senthil Packiasabapathy, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Discuss the latest scientific studies that are being performed in pediatric anesthesia to advance the specialty.
  * Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of new techniques and data related to pediatric anesthesiology studies.
  * Understand specific lessons learned from the literature as they relate to various aspects of pediatric anesthesia,
  including regional, cardiac and pain management.
• 9:15 AM – 9:30 AM Q & A Discussion
  9:30 AM – 10:15 AM From the Editors: Notable Papers from the Past Year
• A&A: James DiNardo, MD
  Pediatric Anesthesia: Andrew Davidson, MBBS, FANZCA
  Anesthesiology: Andrew Davidson, MBBS, FANZCA
  Andrew J. Davidson, MBBS, FANZCA; James A. DiNardo, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Critically review the notable pediatric anesthesia papers published in the last year from Anesthesiology, Anesthesia &
  Analgesia, and Pediatric Anesthesia.
• WELI WORKSHOP – Everyday Resilience: Professional Networks for Career Development
  By Invitation Only/Closed Workshop
  8:30 AM – 10:30 AM WELI Workshop
• Coordinator: Scott D. Markowitz, MD, FAAP; Samuel D. Yanofsky, MD, MSEd
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Define your brand, including your Cliftonstrengths, for professional development.
  * Identify your professional connections using the Professional Network Questionnaire.
  * Analyze key relationships that support professional development.
  * Formulate a plan for your next steps toward leveraging your network.
  Location: JW Marriott – Ybor II – Level 2
  Session II: Diamonds in the Rough: Career Mindfulness and Resiliency
  Moderators: Laura K. Berenstain, MD, FASA; Jim Fehr, MD
  10:15 AM – 10:30 AM In the Eye of the Storm: How to be Mindful During Chaos
• Nancy S. Hagerman, MD
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
  * Identify the drivers of burnout.
  * Describe the impact mindfulness has on an anatomical, biochemical, genetic, and holistic level.
  10:30 AM – 10:45 AM The Boiling Pot Phenomenon: Canceling the Culture of Medicine that Scalds Physicians
• Rebecca Margolis, DO
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
• * Summarize the effects of the toxic culture of medicine on physician satisfaction
  * Demonstrate the importance of effective leadership for creating sustainability in medicine
  * Propose actionable interventions that foster a community of respect and appreciation
  10:45 AM – 11:00 AM Is it Time to Ditch the Scrubs? Reflections on How to Retire Gracefully
• Shobha Malviya, MD, FAAP
• Objectives:
• Upon completion of this presentation the participant will be able to:
  * Identify factors to consider when deciding appropriate timing of retirement.
  * Formulate a plan to venture into the next phase of life.
  * Describe ways to find fulfillment outside of work.
• 11:00 AM – 11:20 AM Q & A Discussion
  11:20 AM – 11:30 AM Educational Wrap-Up
  MOCA Simulation @ SPA (JUST ADDED)
  Separate Registration Required. In-Person Attendees Only
  11:30 AM – 7:00 PM MOCA Simulation @ SPA (JUST ADDED)
• Separate Registration Required. In-Person Attendees Only
• 11:30 AM – 7:00 PM MOCA Simulation @ SPA
  Coordinator: Dolores B. Njoku, MD
  Aditee Ambardekar, MD; Kimberly R. Blasius, MD; Giuliana P Geng-Ramos, MD; Preeta George, MD; Harshad G.
  Gurnaney, MBBS, MPH; Christine L. Mai, MD; Shivani K. Patel, MD; Joanne E. Shay, MD; Pravin A. Taneja, MD; Tricia M.
  Vecchione, MD; Ashley Weinhold, MD; Keith Widmeier, BA, FP-C, CHSE
  Objectives:
  ABA diplomats must complete multiple activities over their 10-year MOCA cycle to demonstrate that they are
  participating in evaluation of their clinical practice and their engagement in practice improvement activities. In MOCA
  2.0, diplomats must earn 25 points per five-year period for a total of 50 points during the 10-year MOCA cycle.
  Successful completion of the MOCA Simulation @ SPA activity will fulfill 25 points (ALL) of the required Part 4 activities
  for a five-year period.
  Upon completion of this workshop, participants will be able to:
  * Offer a contextual learning opportunity to assess and improve their practice in areas such as crisis management in a
  simulation setting at an ASA-endorsed activity.
  * Realistically recreate challenging clinical cases to allow participants to problem-solve in a manner that is similar to
  actual clinical experience.
  * Provide an opportunity for physicians to improve their skills in Practice-Based Learning and Improvement
  NOTE: Lunch will be included.
  Location: Marriott Water Street – Meeting Room 6 – Level 2
  1:00 PM – 4:00 PM Wake Up Safe Workshop – Sunday (Invitation Only)
• Elizabeth E. Hansen, MD, PhD; Lynn D. Martin, MD, MBA, FAAP; Jami E. Miller, MD; Megan Nash-Mozer, DO; Ian Yuan,
  MD
• Objectives:
• Title: Improving Outcomes in Clinical Practice: Lessons Learned During a Career of Change
  Presenter: Dr. Lynn Martin; Seattle Children’s Hospital
  Objectives:
  1) Attendees will be able to discuss the key elements required to change clinical practice
  2) Attendees will be able to describe examples of the elements in action while improving clinical outcomes
  3) Attendees will learn the benefits of the application of real world data to improvement of clinical practice
  Title: SPRUCE: Saving our Planet by RedUcing Carbon Emissions, an Anesthesia Sustainability Initiative
  Presenter: Dr. Elizabeth Hansen; Seattle Children’s Hospital
• Objectives:
• 1) Interpret and analyze greenhouse gas emissions associated with pediatric anesthesia care
  2) Compare the environmental impacts of different types of anesthetics
  3) Develop strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of anesthesia care
  Title: Implementing an EEG guided TIVA program at a children’s hospital.
  Presenter: Dr. Ian Yuan: Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
• Objectives:
• 1) Understand the benefits of propofol TIVA with EEG monitoring.
  2) Learn how to use a combination of EEG parameters to guide propofol dosing.
  3) Explore how this program could be implemented at your hospital.
• Project Title: Clean Anesthesia: Surgical Site Infections and our Influence as Anesthesia Providers
  Presenters: Megan Nash, DO, Gina Whitney, MD, Ray Choi, MD, and Patrick Fernandez, MD; Children’s Hospital Colorado
• Objectives:
• 1) The background of surgical site infections while understanding anesthesia’s role on influencing the transmission of
  bacteria
  2) The use/role of the OR PathTrac when tracking bacterial spread
  3) Study a phased implementation of perioperative practices designed to reduce intraoperative BTEs consistent with the
  SHEA/ASA guidelines in pediatric surgical patients. Bundle elements include improved hand hygiene, medication
  administration, catheter handling and workspace cleaning interventions
  Title: Emergence Delirium Quality Improvement Project
  Presenters: Dr. Jami Miller, Dr. Lyndsey Grover, Dr. Alissa Doll; Children’s Health System of Texas
• Objectives:
• 1) Discuss our approach to establishing a baseline rate of emergence delirium
  2) Discuss quality improvement tools used
  3) Investigate challenges approached along our quality improvement journey
  4) Explore potential standardization efforts to reduce incidence of emergence delirium
• !